Hybrid Artificial Intelligence and Metaheuristics for Smart City TRafci Management Problem Video Chapters: 00:00 Introduction 00:40 Smart Cities 01:14 Traditional Methods for Traffic Management 02:12 Hybrid Approach AI and Metaheuristics 02:47 STEPS for Hybrid Traffic Management System 08:40 Advantages of Smart Traffic Management System 09:33 Conclusion
Get link
Facebook
Twitter
Pinterest
Email
Other Apps
ANT COLONY OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM STEP-BY-STEP WITH EXAMPLE
Get link
Facebook
Twitter
Pinterest
Email
Other Apps
-
Ant colony optimization algorithms
Do you know: How the Ant Colony Optimization algorithm works?
We all know about ants. Researchers have estimated about 13800 known ant species. In an ant colony, there is Queen (i.e., female ant), fertilized male ant (also known as drone), female ant workers, and soldiers. Queen ant can live up to 30 years. Ants live in colonies (also known as ant nest). An average ant colony contains 1000 individual ants and an ant super colony can contain 300 million individual ants. Ants communicate with each other indirectly using pheromones, sound, and touch.
Ant colony optimization is a Nature Inspired Population Based Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithm. Ant colony optimization (ACO) is inspired by the real ant food searching behavior. Ant colony optimization algorithm is basically inspired by the pheromone-based ant communication. Ant colony optimization is developed by Marco Dorigo in 1992. Author developed this algorithm to solve Discrete Variable Combinatorial Optimization Problems. Today it is also applied to solve Continuous Variable and other problems as well. ACO is a Stochastic technique used for solving Computational Problems [such as Finding Optimal Path / Finding Shortest Path through Graph].
Ant colony optimization technique is used to find Optimal paths, Routing, and load balancing problems. Best known example: Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP). ACO Terminology: Pheromones, Pheromones Trials, Pheromone Density, and Pheromone Evaporation.
Q. How Ant’s Communicate with each other?
A. Ant’s can easily communicate with each other using Pheromones.
Q. How do other ants follow pheromones?
A. Ants leave pheromones on the soil. That can be easily followed by other ants.
Q. How do ants find out the shortest path between Nest and Food?
A. Ants communicate with each other indirectly using pheromones. With the help of Pheromone signals, ants can easily find the shortest path between Nest/Colony and Food.
Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) Algorithm Step-by-Step
Step 1. Initialize ACO parameters
Step 2. Ant Solution Construction
Step 3. Position Each ant in the stating node.
Step 4. Each ant will select the next node by applying the state transition rule.
Step 5. Repeat until ant builds the best solution, then Compute the fitness value.
Ant Colony Optimization algorithm step-by-step with Example
ACO Limitation and Advantage
PART 02: How Ant Colony Optimization is applied to solve Traveling Salesman Problem?
Traveling Salesman Problem: In traveling salesman problem, salesman want to visit a number of cities and cover minimum distance during tour.
Constraint: Each city should be visited exactly once. [to minimize tour length]
Ant Colony Optimization is applied on Traveling Salesman Problem to solve this problem. A number of Artificial Ants are used. We will use Artificial ants to visit all cities and calculate tour length for each ant. Out of (n) ants, check feasible solution i.e., feasible tour with minimum tour length.
Ant Goal: Find out Feasible Tour for the salesman problem.
Objective function Value: Sum of distance between each city visited during tour.
Ant Colony Optimization Metaheuristics for TSP Steps
Step 01: Construct Graph for the given problem. Each city is considered as graph NODES / VERTICES and distance between cities are graph EDGES.
Step 02: Initialize all important parameters, Number of Artificial Ants, Maximum Iterations, Artificial Pheromones and other.
Step 03: For any Ant select ant city randomly. Place that ant in randomly Selected city.
Step 04: Build the Tour for Ant from randomly selected city to unvisited cities. Ants are also using artificial memory to store visited city.
Step 05: One by one move ant to all the unvisited cities and calculate tour length.
Step 06: Once no unvisited city left. Ant will return to the randomly selected city. Then calculate Total Tour Length. Repeat this for all ants.
Step 07: Update Artificial Pheromones Values.
Step 08: Check stopping criteria. If stopping criteria is not matched repeat loop ELSE display the best solution.
For More Details and Numerical Example you can visit this video.
PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM NUMERICAL EXAMPLE PSO is a computational method that Optimizes a problem. It is a Population-based stochastic search algorithm. PSO is inspired by the Social Behavior of Birds flocking. n Particle Swarm Optimization the solution of the problem is represented using Particles. [Flocking birds are replaced with particles for algorithm simplicity]. Objective Function is used for the performance evaluation for each particle / agent in the current population. PSO solved problems by having a Population (called Swarms) of Candidate Solutions (Particles). Local and global optimal solutions are used to update particle position in each iteration. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithm step-by-step explanation with Numerical Example and source code implementation. - PART 2 [Example 2] 1.) Initialize Population [Current Iteration (t) = 0] Population Size = 4; 𝑥𝑖 : (i = 1,2,3,4) and (t = 0) 𝑥1 =1.3; 𝑥2=4.3; 𝑥3=0.4; 𝑥4=−1.2 2.) Fitness Function used:
Cuckoo Search Algorithm - Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithm What is Cuckoo Search Algorithm? Cuckoo Search Algorithm is a Meta-Heuristic Algorithm. Cuckoo Search Algorithm is inspired by some Cuckoo species laying their eggs in the nest of other species of birds. In this algorithm, we have 2 bird Species. 1.) Cuckoo birds 2.) Host Birds (Other Species) What if Host Bird discovered cuckoo eggs? Cuckoo eggs can be found by Host Bird. Host bird discovers cuckoos egg with Probability of discovery of alien eggs. If Host Bird Discovered Cuckoo Bird Eggs. The host bird can throw the egg away. Abandon the nest and build a completely new nest. Mathematically, Each egg represent a solution and it is stored in the host bird nest. In this algorithm Artificial Cuckoo Birds are used. Artificial Cuckoo can lay one egg at a time. We will replace New and better solutions with less fit solutions. It means eggs that are more similar to host bird has opportunity to develop in the new generation a
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a p opulation-based stochastic search algorithm. PSO is inspired by the Social Behavior of Birds flocking. PSO is a computational method that Optimizes a problem. PSO searches for Optima by updating generations. It is popular is an intelligent metaheuristic algorithm. In Particle Swarm Optimization the solution of the problem is represented using Particles. [Flocking birds are replaced with particles for algorithm simplicity]. Objective Function is used for the performance evaluation for each particle / agent in the current population. After a number of iterations agents / particles will find out optimal solution in the search space. Q. What is PSO? A. PSO is a computational method that Optimizes a problem. Q. How PSO will optimize? A. By Improving a Candidate Solution. Q. How PSO Solve Problems? A. PSO solved problems by having a Population (called Swarms) of Candidate Solutions (Particles). Local and global optimal solutions are used to upda
Particle swarm optimization (PSO) What is meant by PSO? PSO is a computational method that Optimizes a problem. It is a Population-based stochastic search algorithm. PSO is inspired by the Social Behavior of Birds flocking. n Particle Swarm Optimization the solution of the problem is represented using Particles. [Flocking birds are replaced with particles for algorithm simplicity]. Objective Function is used for the performance evaluation for each particle / agent in the current population. PSO solved problems by having a Population (called Swarms) of Candidate Solutions (Particles). Local and global optimal solutions are used to update particle position in each iteration. How PSO will optimize? By Improving a Candidate Solution. How PSO Solve Problems? PSO solved problems by having a Population (called Swarms) of Candidate Solutions (Particles). The population of Candidate Solutions (i.e., Particles). What is Search Space in PSO? It is the range in which the algorithm computes the op
There are about 1000 species of Bats. Bat Algorithm is based on the echolocation behavior of Micro Bats with varying pulse rates of emission and loudness. All bats use echolocation to sense distance and background barriers. Microbats are small to medium-sized flying mammals. Micro Bats used a Sonar that is known as Echolocation to detect their prey. Bats fly randomly with the velocity at the position with a fixed frequency and loudness for prey. Q. Whats is Frequency? A. Frequency is the number of waves that pass a fixed point in unit time. Wavelength is the minimum distance between two nearest particles which are in the same phase. Here, Sound waves are used by microbats to detect prey. Q. What is Position? A. A place where something or someone is located. Q. What is Velocity? A. Speed of something in a given direction. Q. What is loudness. A. Loudness refers to how soft or loud sound seems to listeners. Q. What is pulse rate? A. Wave or vibration. In th
Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm (GWO) Grey Wolf Optimization Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm is a metaheuristic proposed by Mirjaliali Mohammad and Lewis, 2014. Grey Wolf Optimizer is inspired by the social hierarchy and the hunting technique of Grey Wolves. What is Metaheuristic? Metaheuristic means a High-level problem-independent algorithmic framework (develop optimization algorithms). Metaheuristic algorithms find the best solution out of all possible solutions of optimization. Who are the Grey Wolves? Wolf (Animal): Wolf Lived in a highly organized pack. Also known as Gray wolf or Grey Wolf, is a large canine. Wolf Speed is 50-60 km/h. Their Lifespan is 6-8 years (in the wild). Scientific Name: Canis Lupus. Family: Canidae (Biological family of dog-like carnivorans). Grey Wolves lived in a highly organized pack. The average pack size ranges from 5-12. 4 different ranks of wolves in a pack: Alpha Wolf, Beta Wolf, Delta Wolf, and Omega Wolf. How Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm
Local Binary Pattern Introduction to Local Binary Pattern (LBP) Q. What is Digital Image? A. Digital images are collections of pixels or numbers ( range from 0 to 255). Q. What is Pixel? A. Pixel is the smallest element of any digital image. Pixel can be categorized as Dark Pixel and Bright Pixel. Dark pixels contain low pixel values and bright pixels contain high pixel values. Q. Explain Local Binary Pattern (LBP)? A. Local binary pattern is a popular technique used for image processing. We can use the local binary pattern for face detection and face recognition. Q. What is LBP Operator? A. LBP operator is an image operator. We can transform images into arrays using the LBP operator. Q. How LBP values are computed? A. LBP works in 3x3 (it contain a 9-pixel value ). Local binary pattern looks at nine pixels at a time. Using each 3x3 window in the digital image, we can extract an LBP code. Q. How to Obtain LBP operator value? A. LBP operator values can be obtained by using the simp
Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm Numerical Example Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm Steps 1.) Initialize Grey Wolf Population. 2.) Initialize a, A, and C. 3.) Calculate the fitness of each search agent. 4.) 𝑿_𝜶 = best search agent 5.) 𝑿_𝜷 = second-best search agent 6.) 𝑿_𝜹 = third best search agent. 7.) while (t<Max number of iteration) 8.) For each search agent update the position of the current search agent by the above equations end for 9.) update a, A, and C 10.) Calculate the fitness of all search agents. 11.) update 𝑿_𝜶, 𝑿_𝜷, 𝑿_𝜹 12.) t = t+1 end while 13.) return 𝑿_𝜶 Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm Numerical Example STEP 1. Initialize the Grey wolf Population [Initial Position for each Search Agent] 𝒙_(𝒊 ) (i = 1,2,3,…n) n = 6 // Number of Search Agents [ -100, 100] // Range Initial Wolf Position 3.2228 4.1553 -3.8197 4.2330 1.3554 -4.1212 STEP 2. Calculate Fitness for Each Search Agent. Objective Function: F6(x) = su
Whale Optimization Algorithm Code Implementation Whale Optimization Algorithm Code Files function obj_fun(test_fun) switch test_fun case 'F1' x = -100:2:100; y=x; case 'F2' x = -10:2:10; y=x; end end function [LB,UB,D,FitFun]=test_fun_info(C) switch C case 'F1' FitFun = @F1; LB = -100; UB = 100; D = 30; case 'F2' FitFun = @F2; LB = -10; UB = 10; D = 30; end % F1 Test Function function r = F1(x) r = sum(x.^2); end % F2 Test Function function r = F2(x) r = sum(abs(x))+prod(abs(x)); end end function Position = initialize(Pop_Size,D,UB,LB) SS_Bounds = size(UB,2); if SS_Bounds == 1 Position = rand(Pop_Size,D).*(UB-LB)+LB; end if SS_Bounds>1 for i = 1:D UB_i = UB(i); LB_i = LB(i); Position(:,i) = rand(Pop_Size,1).*(UB_i-LB_i)+LB_i; end end end function [Best_Val,Best_Pos,Convergence_Curve]=WOA(
Comments
Post a Comment