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Hidden Markov Model (HMM)

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Hidden Markov Model (HMM)  VIDEO LINK:  https://youtu.be/YIGCWNG8BIA A Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is a statistical model in which the system has hidden states that cannot be directly observed, but produce observable outputs. It is based on the Markov property, meaning the next state depends only on the current state. Video Chapters: HMM in Artificial Intelligence 00:00 Introduction 00:31 Statistical Model 00:54 HMM Examples 02:30 HMM 03:10 HMM Components 05:23 Viterbi Algorithm 06:23 HMM Applications 06:38 HMM Problems 07:28 HMM in Handwriting Recognition 11:20 Conclusion  HMM COMPONENTS A Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is a statistical model in which the system has hidden states that cannot be directly observed, but produce observable outputs. It is based on the Markov property, meaning the next state depends only on the current state. An HMM consists of states, observations, transition probabilities, emission probabilities, and initial probabilities. It is commonly used in a...
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Output Primitives in Computer Graphics

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 Basic Output Primitives are:  - Point Positions [ pixel ].  - Lines   - Line Drawing Algorithm  - Circle and Ellipse generating algorithms  - Pixel addressing and object geometry  - Filled area primitives  1.) Point or pixel Point/Pixel means smallest element of Picture. A Point contain location using x and y coordinates. Size of pixel = size of pixel on display monitor. Point Attributes: Size and Color. 2 points represent Line/Edge.  2.) Line function Line function is used to generate straight lines between any two points. Line Function Provide Straight Line with the location of 2 pixel points. line representation Set of pixels between 2 end points. Line attributes: Color, Thickness and type.  3.)  Line drawing algorithm Line Generation = Process of turning on pixels for a line segments. Line drawing algorithms is required when computer needs to determine positions of pixel between 2 end points [ to generate a straight line]....
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Role of Cryptography in Information Security |Cryptography Techniques

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Topics Covered:  Role of Cryptography in Information Security. 1.) What is Cryptanalysis? Cryptanalysis is a technique decoding messages from a non-readable format back to a readable format. 2.) What is Plain text? Plain text means Clear text/ Original Message. Plain Text can be understood by anybody knowing the language. For Example Communication Language used here: English and Message: Hello Everyone  Plain Text = Clear Text [the message that can be understood by both sender and receiver and also by anyone else who gets access to that message]. 3.) What is the Cipher Text? Ciphertext means Codified Message / Encrypted Message / Unreadable Message. When Plain Text is Encrypted, the resulting message is Cipher Text. 4.) What is Encryption?  The Process of Converting from Plain text to Cipher Text. Also known as Enciphering.  5.) What is Decryption? The Process of restoring the Plain text from Cipher Text. Also known as Deciphering.  6.) Elements of a Cryptograph...
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