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Hidden Markov Model (HMM)

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Hidden Markov Model (HMM)  VIDEO LINK:  https://youtu.be/YIGCWNG8BIA A Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is a statistical model in which the system has hidden states that cannot be directly observed, but produce observable outputs. It is based on the Markov property, meaning the next state depends only on the current state. Video Chapters: HMM in Artificial Intelligence 00:00 Introduction 00:31 Statistical Model 00:54 HMM Examples 02:30 HMM 03:10 HMM Components 05:23 Viterbi Algorithm 06:23 HMM Applications 06:38 HMM Problems 07:28 HMM in Handwriting Recognition 11:20 Conclusion  HMM COMPONENTS A Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is a statistical model in which the system has hidden states that cannot be directly observed, but produce observable outputs. It is based on the Markov property, meaning the next state depends only on the current state. An HMM consists of states, observations, transition probabilities, emission probabilities, and initial probabilities. It is commonly used in a...
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how is the LBP |Local Binary Pattern| values calculated? Step-by-Step with Example

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 Local Binary Pattern

Introduction to Local Binary Pattern (LBP)

Q. What is Digital Image?

A. Digital images are collections of pixels or numbers ( range from 0 to 255). 

Q. What is Pixel?

A. Pixel is the smallest element of any digital image. Pixel can be categorized as Dark Pixel and Bright Pixel. Dark pixels contain low pixel values and bright pixels contain high pixel values.

Q. Explain Local Binary Pattern (LBP)?

A. Local binary pattern is a popular technique used for image processing. We can use the local binary pattern for face detection and face recognition.

Q. What is LBP Operator?

A. LBP operator is an image operator. We can transform images into arrays using the LBP operator.

Q. How LBP values are computed?

A. LBP works in 3x3 (it contain a 9-pixel value ). Local binary pattern looks at nine pixels at a time. Using each 3x3 window in the digital image, we can extract an LBP code.

Q. How to Obtain LBP operator value? 

A. LBP operator values can be obtained by using the simple formula:

Here, i(n) is the neighbor pixel value and i(c) is the center pixel value.

Local Binary Pattern with Example Step-by-Step


Step-by-Step compute values for each pixel in a 3x3 window.
Compute the value for first pixel at (n=0)


Output: 
Compute the value for first pixel at (n=1)

Learn how to Calculate CORNER Pixel Values 


Output: 

Click Here to Watch Now

Like that compute values for each neighbor pixel. And in the end, you will get values as: 

Now Convert the binary pattern(11111111) into a Decimal number.

 255 means white color. 
Local Binary Pattern Output Image.

For more details: You can check this video: Local Binary Pattern Example 01 
how is the LBP |Local Binary Pattern| values calculated? Step-by-Step with Example 1🌞 ~xRay Pixy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-z9-bMtd7w&t=2s

Click Here to Watch Now...


Local Binary Pattern Example 02 

how is the LBP |Local Binary Pattern| values calculated? Step-by-Step with Example 2🌞 ~xRay Pixy


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