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Hidden Markov Model (HMM)

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Hidden Markov Model (HMM)  VIDEO LINK:  https://youtu.be/YIGCWNG8BIA A Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is a statistical model in which the system has hidden states that cannot be directly observed, but produce observable outputs. It is based on the Markov property, meaning the next state depends only on the current state. Video Chapters: HMM in Artificial Intelligence 00:00 Introduction 00:31 Statistical Model 00:54 HMM Examples 02:30 HMM 03:10 HMM Components 05:23 Viterbi Algorithm 06:23 HMM Applications 06:38 HMM Problems 07:28 HMM in Handwriting Recognition 11:20 Conclusion  HMM COMPONENTS A Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is a statistical model in which the system has hidden states that cannot be directly observed, but produce observable outputs. It is based on the Markov property, meaning the next state depends only on the current state. An HMM consists of states, observations, transition probabilities, emission probabilities, and initial probabilities. It is commonly used in a...
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3d Display Methods in Computer Graphics

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 3D Display Methods

3D Projection

Q. What is 3D Projection/Graphical Projection?

It is a design technique used to display 3D objects on a 2D surface.

Why we are using a 2D surface to display 3D objects?

Because all graphics devices are 2D [like Monitor Screen].

When we want to draw 3D objects on a computer monitor. Convert the world coordinates into screen coordinates [i.e., project 3D objection on the 2D plane].

Q. What is the Projection?

Process of representing 3D objects into 2D. [i.e., shadow of object].

Q. How an object is projected? 

By projecting each of its points [create a map of points].

There are infinite points in Object. Take projection of only corner points of an object on a 2D plane than join these projected points by a straight line in the 2D plane.

Q. What is a Parallel Projection?

Projection of point in 3D space.

Parallel Projection is a method for generating a view of a solid object.

Project point on the object surface along parallel lines onto the display plane. 


Q. How we can project visible points on the object?

By selecting different viewing positions.

Q. Where Parallel projection is used?

In Engineering and Architectural Drawing. 

Projection of point in 3D space.

Parallel Projection is a method for generating a view of a solid object.

Project point on the object surface along parallel lines onto the display plane. 

Parallel Projection Example : 3 Parallel projection views of an object [showing different viewing positions] 

Q. What is Perspective Projection?

Another way of generating a view of the 3D scene [project points to the display plane along converging paths].

Perspective Projection is used by artists for drawing 3D scenes.

Distinct objects appear smaller than objects closer to the viewing position.  

Types of Perspective:

One Point Perspective- contains only one vanishing point over the horizon.  

vanishing point = where all lines appear to meet. 



Two Point Perspective- contain 2 vanishing points [in x-direction and in y-direction].  

vanishing point = where all lines appear to meet. 


Q. What is Depth Cueing?

This method is used for indicating depth.

Depth information is important so that we can easily identify for a particular viewing direction, which is the front end, and which one is the back end. 

Q. What is Visible line and Surface Identification?

The simplest method to highlight the visible lines [or to display them in different colors].

This method also identifies the visible surfaces of the object.

#graphics #3d 

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