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Hidden Markov Model (HMM)

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Hidden Markov Model (HMM)  VIDEO LINK:  https://youtu.be/YIGCWNG8BIA A Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is a statistical model in which the system has hidden states that cannot be directly observed, but produce observable outputs. It is based on the Markov property, meaning the next state depends only on the current state. Video Chapters: HMM in Artificial Intelligence 00:00 Introduction 00:31 Statistical Model 00:54 HMM Examples 02:30 HMM 03:10 HMM Components 05:23 Viterbi Algorithm 06:23 HMM Applications 06:38 HMM Problems 07:28 HMM in Handwriting Recognition 11:20 Conclusion  HMM COMPONENTS A Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is a statistical model in which the system has hidden states that cannot be directly observed, but produce observable outputs. It is based on the Markov property, meaning the next state depends only on the current state. An HMM consists of states, observations, transition probabilities, emission probabilities, and initial probabilities. It is commonly used in a...
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Fundamentals of Computer Graphics

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Everything that you can see on the computer screen that is not text or sound.  

1.) What is Computer Graphics?

Computer Graphics is a Branch of Computer Science that deals with generating images with the help of computers. Computer Graphics means Art of Drawing Pictures, Lines, Photographs, Line art, maps, geometric designs, Engineering designs, and others.

2.) Where Computer Graphics is used?

The major use of computer graphics is in Design Processes. For example, Engineering and Architectural Systems. Computer-Aided design methods are now used in the design of buildings, automobiles, aircraft, spacecraft, and many others. The major application area is Presentation Graphics (used in presentations) example of presentation graphics are bar charts, line graphs, surface graphs, pie charts. 

3.) What is Digital Memory Buffer?

Digital Memory Buffer also is known as Frame Buffer. It is a place where images or pictures are stored as an array (i.e., a matrix of 0 and 1) and 0 represents darkness and 1 represents an image or picture. Frame Buffer is the place Video RAM (V-RAM) that is used to hold or map the image displayed on the screen. The amount of memory required to hold the image depends on the resolution of the screen and color depth used per pixel.

4.) What is TV Monitor?

TV monitor helps us to view the display and they make use of CRT.

CRT = Cathode Ray Tube 

CRT is a vacuum tube that is used to display images.  CRT used in traditional Computer monitors and Televisions. The image on the CRT display is created by firing electrons from the back of the tube of phosphorus located towards the front of the screen.

5.) What is the Display controller?

Display Controller interface between digital memory buffer and TV monitor.  The main function is to pass the contents of the frame buffer memory to the monitor.  Display control buffer read each successive byte of data from the frame buffer and convert 0s and 1s into corresponding video signals. this signal is then fed to the TV monitor to produce a black and white picture on the screen.

6.) Computer Graphics Applications.

Computer Graphics used in a variety of different fields including 

- Business

- Industry

- Govt. work

- Education and training

- Computer art 

- In Entertainment: music videos, Games, Cartoon movies, and shows. Developers have used graphics and sounds, animation of multimedia to create a variety of games. Children can enjoy various games they can drive cars of different models, play golf, fly aircraft

- In Geographical information system

 - Simulations and virtual reality: Using simulation technique Astronaut aircraft and ship pilot and even automobile driver can be trained to perform a complex and expensive piece of equipment without risking life for property. 

- In Design Processes: CAD i.e., computer-Aided Design major use of computer graphics in the design process particularly for engineering design applications such as building and structural design mechanical and industrial design manufacturing processes design.

- On the Internet: Internet latest in the list of uses of CG is the internet. It is accessed through telephonic communication, mostly via satellites. Interest would be nothing without graphics variety of multimedia content is available on the web we can listen to music or watch the latest movie trailers on the web.

7.) Display Devices. 

Display devices the most important part of a computer is the display system. The display device is output device for the presentation of information. Display systems are known as Video monitor or video display unit. 

The common type of display system is 

- Raster scan display

- Random scan display 

- Direct view storage tubes

- Flat-panel display

#graphics #computerScience #computergraphics 

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